1.Today, water environment is the most basic environment for most laboratories, occupying a very important position in experiment. Water quality often determines the authenticity and repeatability of the results of many experiments. Most experts in laboratories usually require that concentration of impurity elements and chemical compounds in pure water are in ppb level or even lower. In the laboratory scientific research field, the starting point of purification that people focus on is tap water. If there is distilled water, deionized water or reverse osmosis water in laboratory, people will then only focus on the process of super purification.
在當(dāng)今的實(shí)驗(yàn)室中，水環(huán)境作為絕大多數(shù)實(shí)驗(yàn)室的基本環(huán)境，在實(shí)驗(yàn)中占的地位非常重要，水質(zhì)往往決定了很多實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果的真實(shí)性、可重復(fù)性，對(duì)多數(shù)做實(shí)驗(yàn)的專家來(lái)說(shuō)，他們通常要求純水中的雜質(zhì)元素和化臺(tái)物的濃度在ppb級(jí)甚至更低：在實(shí)驗(yàn)室科學(xué)研究領(lǐng)域，所關(guān)心的純化起始點(diǎn)是自來(lái)水，如果實(shí)驗(yàn)室中已有蒸餾水、去離子水或反滲透水，那就只注重超純化的過(guò)程。
Classification of pure water in laboratory / 實(shí)驗(yàn)室純水的分級(jí)
Level III pure water: Physical purity of level III pure water is generally less than 50uS/cm. Distilled water, double distilled water (DDW), ordinary deionized water and reverse osmosis water all belong to this level. It is usually made through purification of tap water. Its main applications are in these fields, such as cleaning bottles and dishes, used for high pressure disinfection device, used in artificial environment and used in supply of ultra-pure water purifier.
Ⅲ級(jí)純水：Ⅲ級(jí)純水的物理純度一般為小于50uS/cm，單蒸水、雙蒸水、普通去離子水和反滲透水都屬于此級(jí)別。它一般由自來(lái)水純化制備而成。Ⅲ級(jí)純水的主要用途是清洗瓶皿，高壓消毒裝置用水，人工環(huán)境室用水廈超純水儀進(jìn)水等。
Level II pure water: Level II pure water has a fuzzy range, often denoted by 5-15M-cm. But it does not necessarily strictly limit to this range. Ranging of 1-17M-cm can be considered as Level II pure water. It is made through ion exchange or electrodialysis of level III pure water. It’s mainly used in ordinary reagents compounding, ordinary chemistry experiment and water supply for ultra-pure water meter.
II級(jí)純水: II級(jí)純水是一個(gè)模糊的范圍，常用5-15M-cm表示。但I(xiàn)I級(jí)純水絕不嚴(yán)格限于此范圍內(nèi)，可以將1-17M-cm范圍均認(rèn)為是II級(jí)純水。II級(jí)純水一般是將Ⅲ級(jí)純水再經(jīng)過(guò)離子交換或電滲析而制成。主要用于般試劑的配制，普通化學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)用水及給超純水儀供水。
Level I pure water: Level I pure water refers to water with physical purity more than 18M-cm, we usually take resistivity of 18.2M-cm as the index of level I pure water. Level I pure water must be made through re-purification of level II pure water or level III pure water by nuclear level ion exchange resin. It is mainly used in analysis experiments requiring high precision and life science experiment with high purity requirements for water.
I級(jí)超純水: I級(jí)超純水是指物理純度大于18M-cm的水，習(xí)慣稱電阻率為18.2M-cm是I級(jí)超純水的指標(biāo)。級(jí)超純水一定是由Ⅲ級(jí)或Il級(jí)純水經(jīng)核子級(jí)離子交換樹脂再純化而來(lái)。它主要用于高精密度的分析實(shí)驗(yàn)和對(duì)水純度要求很高的生命科學(xué)實(shí)驗(yàn)。
2.Laboratory pure water supply mode / 實(shí)驗(yàn)室純水供應(yīng)模式
Central pure water supply mode / 中央純水供應(yīng)模式
Central pure water supply mode refers to setting pure water production device. Water for laboratory use is transported to each water demanding point through water supply pipelines, providing direct access to laboratory pure water or ultra pure water, whether it is a single laboratory or an experimental building.
中央純水供應(yīng)模式是指設(shè)置純水生產(chǎn)裝置，實(shí)驗(yàn)室用水通過(guò)供水管道輸送到各個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室用水點(diǎn)，無(wú)論是單個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室還是一幢實(shí)驗(yàn)樓直接獲取實(shí)驗(yàn)室純水或超純水。
Advantages 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
1. Lower running cost, centralized management.
運(yùn)行成本低，管理集中。
2. Collective use, no possibility of machine standing idle.
集體使用，不存在機(jī)器閑置可能。
3. Large production, water is delivered by pipe network, many water supply points in one laboratory.
產(chǎn)量大，用水采用管網(wǎng)化，同一實(shí)驗(yàn)室多點(diǎn)取水。
Disadvantages 缺點(diǎn)：
The system must ensure long-term safe operation, otherwise there will exist water-breaking risk.
系統(tǒng)必須保證長(zhǎng)期安全運(yùn)行，否則存在斷水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Decentralized water supply mode / 分散純水供應(yīng)模式
Decentralized water supply mode refers to setting water purification machine or purified water on each water supply point of laboratory.
分散純水供應(yīng)模式是指在實(shí)驗(yàn)室各用水點(diǎn)位置設(shè)置純水機(jī)或成品水。
Advantages 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
People have independent access to instruments, and instruments have high utilization ratio.
儀器有單獨(dú)的使用權(quán)，使用率高。
Disadvantages 缺點(diǎn)：
1. Operating cost is high, management is decentralized, and consumption cost is relatively higher.
運(yùn)行成本高，管理分散，消耗成本相對(duì)較高。
2. Fixed-point installation on desk, fixed water supply points. Small production, low flow-rate and low efficiency.
桌面定點(diǎn)臺(tái)式安裝，定點(diǎn)取水，機(jī)型產(chǎn)量小，流量小，工作效率低。
3. If each experimental group purchases separately, then the total amount of investment on this product will be very high, and will result in vacancy rate increasing with the different working conditions of each experimental group, proving unfavorable for the maximization of investment efficiency.
若每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組單獨(dú)購(gòu)買，那么該類產(chǎn)品上的投資總額就會(huì)非常高，而且會(huì)隨著每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組工作情況不同而導(dǎo)致空置率提高，不利于投資效率化。
With the development of laboratory equipment, pipe network and centralization of laboratory pure water supply have become the developing direction of large scale experimental buildings.
隨著實(shí)驗(yàn)室裝備的發(fā)展，實(shí)驗(yàn)室供水的管網(wǎng)化與集中化已成為大型實(shí)驗(yàn)樓純水供應(yīng)的發(fā)展方向。
3.Laboratory pure water supply mode / 實(shí)驗(yàn)室純水供應(yīng)模式
Central pure water supply mode / 中央純水供應(yīng)模式
Central pure water supply mode refers to setting pure water production device. Water for laboratory use is transported to each water demanding point through water supply pipelines, providing direct access to laboratory pure water or ultra pure water, whether it is a single laboratory or an experimental building.
中央純水供應(yīng)模式是指設(shè)置純水生產(chǎn)裝置，實(shí)驗(yàn)室用水通過(guò)供水管道輸送到各個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室用水點(diǎn)，無(wú)論是單個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)室還是一幢實(shí)驗(yàn)樓直接獲取實(shí)驗(yàn)室純水或超純水。
Advantages 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
1. Lower running cost, centralized management.
運(yùn)行成本低，管理集中。
2. Collective use, no possibility of machine standing idle.
集體使用，不存在機(jī)器閑置可能。
3. Large production, water is delivered by pipe network, many water supply points in one laboratory.
產(chǎn)量大，用水采用管網(wǎng)化，同一實(shí)驗(yàn)室多點(diǎn)取水。
Disadvantages 缺點(diǎn)：
The system must ensure long-term safe operation, otherwise there will exist water-breaking risk.
系統(tǒng)必須保證長(zhǎng)期安全運(yùn)行，否則存在斷水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
Decentralized water supply mode / 分散純水供應(yīng)模式
Decentralized water supply mode refers to setting water purification machine or purified water on each water supply point of laboratory.
分散純水供應(yīng)模式是指在實(shí)驗(yàn)室各用水點(diǎn)位置設(shè)置純水機(jī)或成品水。
Advantages 優(yōu)點(diǎn)：
People have independent access to instruments, and instruments have high utilization ratio.
儀器有單獨(dú)的使用權(quán)，使用率高。
Disadvantages 缺點(diǎn)：
1. Operating cost is high, management is decentralized, and consumption cost is relatively higher.
運(yùn)行成本高，管理分散，消耗成本相對(duì)較高。
2. Fixed-point installation on desk, fixed water supply points. Small production, low flow-rate and low efficiency.
桌面定點(diǎn)臺(tái)式安裝，定點(diǎn)取水，機(jī)型產(chǎn)量小，流量小，工作效率低。
3. If each experimental group purchases separately, then the total amount of investment on this product will be very high, and will result in vacancy rate increasing with the different working conditions of each experimental group, proving unfavorable for the maximization of investment efficiency.
若每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組單獨(dú)購(gòu)買，那么該類產(chǎn)品上的投資總額就會(huì)非常高，而且會(huì)隨著每個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)組工作情況不同而導(dǎo)致空置率提高，不利于投資效率化。
With the development of laboratory equipment, pipe network and centralization of laboratory pure water supply have become the developing direction of large scale experimental buildings.
隨著實(shí)驗(yàn)室裝備的發(fā)展，實(shí)驗(yàn)室供水的管網(wǎng)化與集中化已成為大型實(shí)驗(yàn)樓純水供應(yīng)的發(fā)展方向。